Financing SME Essay Example for Free

Financing SME Essay The definition of Small Medium scale Enterprises (SMEs) varies from country to country. The classification can be based on the firm’s assets, number of employees, or annual turnover along with the loan amount. Central Bank of Sri Lanka defines SMEs as enterprises with less than Rs. 600 million turnover per annum and with a maximum exposure of Rs. 200 million mainly to be classified as a SME for Basel II Capital adequacy calculation and utilization of funds accumulated in the Investment Fund Account in Banks. Whatever the definition, and regardless of the size of the economy, the growth of SMEs throughout the region is crucial to growth of respective economies. Because, SMEs play a critical and important role in providing job opportunities, enhancing the quality of human resources, maximizing the use of local resources, saving foreign exchange, nurturing a culture of entrepreneurship, fostering creativity and opening up new business opportunities etc. Most corporate organizations in Sri Lanka or elsewhere are the establishments started as SMEs in its early stages. Classic examples from our own country may be Nawaloka Group, Access International, Softlogic Group of companies. In most literature, it is mentioned that access to financing has been recognized as a major impediment for many SMEs and its growth, whereas corporate business entities have the advantage over the SMEs in doing so primarily as a result of their formalization. However, according to Juliet Mckee and Kimball Dietrich (2003), most common problems for SMEs are the lack of access to market information and technology, the low quality of human resources and the lack of access to capital. Despite efforts by financial institutions and public-sector bodies to close funding gaps, SMEs continue to experience difficulty in obtaining risk capital. These funding gaps relate to firm size, risk, knowledge, and flexibility. The development literature focus a good deal of attention on issues faced by SMEs in accessing finance. Traditionally, the focus is on obstacles created by financial institutions, mainly by commercial banks or on imperfections in the broader institutional environment. However, SMEs also make decisions about financing and display attitudes that have an important bearing on financing decisions. Therefore, constraints may also appear on the â€Å"demand side† of the financing market. Objective of this article is to discuss the key challenges and issues for bankers pertaining to SME lending, of which, part of them are inherent in SMEs and for others bankers are responsible. 1. Issues of SMEs 1. 1 Lack of financial literacy or weak financial literacy In the literature, lack of financial literacy is designated as informational asymmetries where SMEs typically posses privileged information on their business that cannot be easily accessed or cannot be accessed at all by lenders or outsiders. Reasons for this may vary and also have different perspectives. SMEs are mainly driven by entrepreneurs who have nurtured in their own ways to prospective SMEs. As a result of hard ways of development, they either had no time to devote further education or do not believe in learning. This is evident from the credit applications that are submitted to banks for financing. This eventually leads to low levels of financial literacy among entrepreneurs. Financial literacy is the ability to understand how money works in the world: how someone manages to earn or make it, how that person manages it, how he/she invests it (turn it into more) and how that person donates it to help others. More specifically, it refers to the set of skills and knowledge that allows an individual to make informed and effective decisions with all of their financial resource. Though many SME owners are sound in developing business models and working out the profitability of products and services, understanding about the macro picture of the SME’s overall financial standing in terms of profit and loss account, balance sheet and cash flows is week. As a result, they sometimes opt to resort to outsiders or merely depend on themselves in preparation of financial information which may or may not reflect the actual picture of the SMEs. Because of this impediment, banks have no choice, but to depend on collateral for SME financing. At the backdrop cash flow lending is encouraged, financial institutions are struggling to project the SMEs’ sustainable bankability. This is recognized as the main obstacle for banks and financial institutions in financing SMEs. One of the options to counter this impediment is the concept of â€Å"Para accountant†. A Para accountant is an external consultant who uses finance, economics, risk management and technology skills to help organizations prepare and report financial and tax statements according to accounting principles and regulatory requirements. A Para accountant also may review a firms internal controls, processes and procedures to ensure that such controls are adequate. A Para accountant may work on a clients site or remotely. They are not necessarily qualified accountants, however, might be an option. Bankers’ prime objective in this endeavor is to develop reliable sources of information so that they could project the sustainable cash flows of the business. With this objective banks could train their credit appraisal officers as Para Accountants, who will interacts with prospective SMEs and develop a set of financial information while strengthening the banking relationship over a period of time. 1. 2 Entrepreneurs’ knowledge about building a prospective banking relationship A banking relationship is about much more than just selecting a bank to handle a company’s bank accounts. If the relationship is managed well, it can help a company to thrive. SMEs that use more than one bank will need to manage multiple banking relationships. A company will first have a business account (or several) at a retail bank (or banks) for all day-to-day financial transactions. Whether it is retail, SME or corporate, the banks should have a team of business banking advisers on hand, to advise and guide a company. It’s important to ensure continuity— banks usually offer a contact with a designated person and in turn expect to deal with the same person or persons from the company. A good banking relationship depends not only on personal rapport, but also by having a solid understanding of the company and its financial needs. Over time, a banking adviser should build up a good understanding of the company’s preferred ways of doing business and incorporate that into how their banking requirements are handled. There are many advantages having a sound banking relationship for SMEs. The bank is more likely to offer loans and other lines of credit, potentially at preferential rates of interest, if the bank advisers feel there is a good relationship with the company. The bank’s advice can be tailored for the company’s needs and personal style, rather than given generically. In times of crisis, a company having its bank’s support will be crucial. Even if a company is a text-book case of insolvency, strong personal rapport with a company representative means that the bank is more likely to offer leeway if it knows that directors are doing their utmost to keep the company going. Failure to develop a strong relationship, however, means that the SME is likely to miss out on good advice and, crucially, support in times of difficulty. However, unfortunately, many SMEs are not on the right track to understand the importance of having a good banking relationship. Given that no sound financial information are available, at least, SMEs should try to maintain a healthy customer relationship with the financial institution to entice financial needs, especially in difficult periods. It is both Bankers’ and SMEs’ responsibility of developing a prospective banking relationship over a period of time without compromising risk capital. More than the credit facilities, credit plus would be reasonably appropriate to start such a relationship and then move into advanced levels of relationships along with credit facilities. 1. 3 Financial discipline of entrepreneurs As Henry Ford correctly cited, â€Å"Wealth does not come accidently. You have to plan for it. † One’s discipline explains the right behavior and ability to take decisions without emotions. Hence, financial discipline is all about right financial decisions. In order to be financially discipline one should understand concepts of accounting and financial management in SME business. Accounting in general is all about record keeping and developing summary financial reports. Most commonly available financial reports or information are the profit and loss account, balance sheet and the cash flow statement. Unless SMEs keep records of their daily activities, it is difficult to develop financial statements with regard to their businesses. With no financial statements, SMEs will always struggle in making financial decisions. More often, there is no clear distinction between the business finance and the finances of the proprietor. Therefore, it is critical that the lender examines carefully borrower’s all commitments, i. e. , those related directly to the business and those associated with the proprietor’s private life and assets. Lack of Business Planning is a result of weak financial indiscipline in SMEs where investment decisions, working capital decisions, even pricing decisions are based on the entrepreneurs’ values than on facts. The lack of proper financial discipline results in incorrect business decisions, which hampers the sustainability of the SMEs. MacRobert (2002), in his SME manual explains why SME borrowers are different to commercial and corporate borrowers. One of the common reasons is unskilled/ untrained principals. Many SME principals in the Asia-Pacific region are self-starters, often with limited formal education, and minimal training in business management skills. That is not to say that they are incompetent, but that they often lack the capacity to research information on ways to strengthen their businesses, and, indeed, to be aware that such resources even exists. Role of the bankers in this regard is to educate the importance of financial discipline through strong banking relationships. Bankers are one of the key sources, to get SMEs to believe in financial discipline. Bank officers should take the initiatives in this endeavor to educate the SME owners. Role of the Government is also a key imperative in developing required conducive environment through institutional and policy frameworks. Some universities in Sri Lanka have already started dedicated departments to teach courses related entrepreneurship. (Example: University of Sri Jayewardenepura and University of Colombo) and It is important to note that Business studies is part of the GCE A/L curriculum. Recent budget proposals in 2011, 2012 and 2013 has given enough support to encourage SMEs and SME financing and one of the very useful proposals was to direct government banks to set up dedicated SME Branches not only to facilitate SMEs with easy access to finance, but also to educate SME owners and to guide and direct them to right places and people. However, strengthening the institutional framework to develop business development support services is also an imperative. 2. Issues with Banks SMEs are not only critical to the economy, but also to the banks’ profitability. Most diversified banks maintain a substantial percentage of exposure to the SMEs as a strategic investment given the diversity within the SME portfolio itself. It is always profitable, but need to properly evaluate and closely monitor the delinquencies to avoid any credit risks. It is a perception as well as a fact sometimes, that SMEs are always highly risky as explained by many banks. It may be due to several factors including, non availability of financial information, no tax returns, no collateral, one man show, highly sensitive to economic conditions, no proper organizational structure, and many more. These are reasons given to avoid or very conservative underwriting of SME credit proposals. As a result of these reasons, credit policies of financial institutions are based on stringent credit guidelines. 2. Institutional framework with hindering process issues In the case of many developing countries, the above mentioned obstacles to SME financing are exacerbated by institutional and process factors. Most developing countries are still highly concentrated and have uncompetitive banking sectors. This reinforces the tendency to adopt conservative lending policies. Credit policies which mainly cover the credit risk and market risk, endorse a processes which covers many elements to secure exposure, while satisfying the regulator’s requirements. This eventually results in a value driven Credit culture in financial institutions. According to MacDonald and Timothy (2006), management’s credit policy determines how much risk the bank will take and in what form. A bank’s credit culture refers to the fundamental principles that drive lending activity and how management analyzes risk. There can be large differences in their lending philosophy. The three potentially different credit cultures are: values driven, current profit driven, and market share driven. The institutional framework is reflected through the credit policy in this part of the world, the tendency is to inculcate a value driven credit culture, which has the following attributes: Focus is on credit quality with strong risk management systems and controls Primary emphasis is on bank’s soundness and stability and a consistent market presence Underwriting is conservative and significant loan concentrations are not allowed. Typical outcome is lower current profits from loans with fewer loan losses It is evident with lower non- performing ratios prevailing in banks justifies that credit risk is covered with loan risk mitigation factors and discourage granting venture capital to SMEs. Eventually, SMEs need to resort to acceptable securities which hinders them from easy access to finance from financial institutions. 2. 2 Collateral syndrome (Risk avert) Strong value driven credit cultures in financial institutions always tighten the belts in covering credit risk. Unless the financial institutions develop competencies in cash flow based lending, credit officers have no choice but to cover themselves with collateral in risky SME lending. Competencies itself will not drive the business unless the risky lending is rewarded with challenging business targets. Security based lending propositions are gradually becoming unhealthy for economies as it discourages strategically important investment decisions. Government of Sri Lanka recently enacted legislations to ease the pressure on SMEs through amendment of Parate execution where normal civil procedure of debt recovery should be applied for loans below Rs. five million with security of property mortgages. 2. 3 Weak competency in building cash flow based lending propositions Strong value based credit policies encourage security oriented lending and creates knowledge gaps in credit officers. Security oriented lending does not require strict cash flow projections and credit evaluations. Developing cash flow projections is an art and requires overall knowledge about the industry, technology, external factors (external climate) and specific firms (internal climate) along with econometrics modeling to analyze the cash flows. When it comes to large projects, knowledge in project appraisals and risk analysis will help the credit officers to get exposed to project financing. At the backdrop of investor confidence and developing businesses in emerging economies, venturing into risky business propositions is in the agenda of the banking and financial intuitions. Financing SMEs are risky but at the same time profitable, so indeed banks need to develop how best they could mitigate the risk of these ventures. One of the options is to gradually develop a culture of SME financing with confidence through development of competencies in their credit officers. Competency development not only addresses econometric techniques of analyzing and evaluating the credit proposals, but also industry knowledge and exposure, experiences of sick industries and business units, world politics and world economics, knowledge in emerging markets and technologies, behaviors and issues of labor, understanding the entrepreneurship etc. Conclusion Many of the literature examine the issues of financing SMEs world over. However, there are key issues not only from the SMEs point of view, but also from the financial institutions and, government’s point of views. No one can expect the SMEs to nurture in best practices all by themselves. In this regard, the role of financial intuitions is greater, when it comes to inculcate and nurture SMEs in the right directions. The issues for SME financing discussed above are the keys, but there are many others which needs further discussions.

Philosophy of Teaching Essay -- Teachers Education Learning Essays

Philosophy of Teaching My goals as a teacher are to help students communicate effectively and foster a desire to learn. I believe these two characteristics are important for students to have because despite what problems they encounter or what situation they are in, the ability to communicate effectively will help them in working with others and the desire to learn will motivate them to make positive changes in their life. As a teacher, I want my students to become interested in learning, both in school and in their personal lives. With these two goals in mind, my role as a teacher is to help them acquire these skills and values. However, effective communication is one of the hardest tasks for teachers because we all communicate in different ways and through different means. This is why teachers also need the desire to learn because it will motivate them to learn more useful ways of communicating and connecting with the students. To help students attain these goals, a teacher who leads by example can demonstrate to students how to communicate to others. In addition, if teachers are excited about what they teach, they will create a better learning environment that will motivate the students to learn. My philosophy of teaching consists of these two traits because after they leave my class, I want them to continue their education with the desire to learn more and to communicate this desire and the skills they have obtained with others. As a future social studies ... Philosophy of Teaching Essay -- Teachers Education Learning Essays Philosophy of Teaching My goals as a teacher are to help students communicate effectively and foster a desire to learn. I believe these two characteristics are important for students to have because despite what problems they encounter or what situation they are in, the ability to communicate effectively will help them in working with others and the desire to learn will motivate them to make positive changes in their life. As a teacher, I want my students to become interested in learning, both in school and in their personal lives. With these two goals in mind, my role as a teacher is to help them acquire these skills and values. However, effective communication is one of the hardest tasks for teachers because we all communicate in different ways and through different means. This is why teachers also need the desire to learn because it will motivate them to learn more useful ways of communicating and connecting with the students. To help students attain these goals, a teacher who leads by example can demonstrate to students how to communicate to others. In addition, if teachers are excited about what they teach, they will create a better learning environment that will motivate the students to learn. My philosophy of teaching consists of these two traits because after they leave my class, I want them to continue their education with the desire to learn more and to communicate this desire and the skills they have obtained with others. As a future social studies ...

Romeo and Juliet Are Failed by Their Parental Figures, Discuss

Within the story of Romeo and Juliet the parental figures with responsibility over the children are not just the biological parents, however in the time when the play was written, this would have been normal for the rich, upper class families that the Montague’s and Capulet’s were. The parental figures over the two children change as their relationship between the two lovers develops and other events occur within their family lives.Juliet is the main focus of the changing in parental figures and this may be down to the failing of her by her nurse, at the start of the play the nurse is a vital role in her life, and Shakespeare shows this though Juliet confiding in the nurse. However, this is how the change occurs as we see Juliet feeling as she has been failed by nurse in these secretive chats. However Romeo remains with one strong figure in his life thought the play, Friar Lawrence, and although the outcomes of dramatic events this appears to remain the same thought out .Juliet and nurse have a strong bond at the beginning of the play, due to the relationship nurse agrees to help Juliet marry Romeo as nurse feels it is what Juliet really wants. However when lady Capulet wants Juliet to marry another man, late on in the play, the nurse advices Juliet to forget about Romeo and this is where the main start of Juliet feeling failed occurs.Juliet confides in her nurse for advice about Paris’ marriage proposal, but the trust between them breaks down when nurse says ‘I think you are happy in this second match, for it excels your first’ Juliet is angry at nurse for saying this as she wants the nurse to help her continue her love for Romeo. Feeling failed by Nurses lack of help she decides to go to Friar Lawrence for help, breaking her relationship with nurse.In this situation the Nurse may not have failed Juliet, as she only did what she thought was best for her, however through Juliet’s eyes, the nurse failed her by helping her with Romeo at the start but stopping when the situation developed. Juliet also feels let down by her father as he forces her to marry Paris even though she begs not to, and when she says ‘he shall not make me there a joyful bride’ meaning she will not marry Paris, he reacts angrily saying ‘Or I will drag thee on a hurdle thither. accusing her of treason for not wanting to do as her father commands of her. He thinks she should be proud and thankful that he has found her such a worthy husband. He is more concerned with her status, and that of his own, than he is her happiness. Juliet knows that she will get no help from her father in following her heart so she feels forced in to taking the desperate measure of faking her own death. Juliet is clearly let down by her father who should have listened to her and valued her happiness more.Romoe’s parents echo the relationship in the Capulet household between them and their children, as again their relationship is a distant one. So much so that Montague and Lady Montague don’t know what is wrong with Romeo when he is in depression over his unreturned love for Rosaline. However although they aren’t close to Romeo, he isn’t failed by his parents as there are still there for him ‘Could we but learn from whence his sorrows grow, we would as willingly to give cure as know. This is said by Montugue when he is asking Benvolio if he knows what is wrong with Romeo meaning he will put right what is wrong with Romeo if he knows what it is. So Friar Lawrence is a main parental figure though the play for Romeo throughout and for Juliet after her relationship with her nurse breaks down. Friar Lawrence really tries to help the couple. He marries them and helps Juliet develop a plan so that Romeo and Juliet can finally be together.He sends the ill fated message that never gets to Romeo and it is no failing of his that it does not reach him in time. However, despite all of his good i ntentions at the last he does fail Juliet, if he had not run away from the guards he may have been able to convince Juiet not to kill herself when she awakes from her drug induced death and finds Romeo dead beside her.In conclusion, Romeo and Juliet are let down by the parental figures in their lives. From the distant parents who care little for their happiness to the Friar and nurse who despite their love and devotion to the young people are ultimately not there for them when they need them most. Had the parental figures done a better job in supporting this young couple perhaps Romeo and Juliet would not be such a tragic love story.

Choosing A Career At Young Age - 743 Words

â€Å"Imagination is everything. It is the preview of life ´s coming attractions. (Albert Einstein)† Choosing a career at young age expands the imagination in one ´s mind. At the age of five, my imagination was expanding because that was all I thought about. Growing up to me meant there would be plenty of responsibilities that would have to be taken care of. This is something that our parents teach us while growing up. What is more important of those teachings is the significance. If you can pursue any career path, then do it without the ideas of others. This is what I did. The actions of others affect your thoughts. My elementary and middle school years changed my perspective of how my life would be while growing up. I experienced bullying and behaviors that left me surprised. There were careless teachers, rude comments of how I would grow up to be, and the words, â€Å"You will never be good enough† unspoken, but still meant. I would just think this was normal, b ut it would continue for years. Then bad things turn for the good. I was given the opportunity to start over by going to a new school. There I was exposed to the career of Criminal Justice. This is where I had my mind set. The past years of bullying affected my way of making decisions. I felt like I had to run my decisions through somebody. That somebody were my parents. Each one of our parents dream of their child ´s future, so I was hoping we both had the same thoughts. After being at my new school for one year, IShow MoreRelatedChallenges Students Face When Choosing A Career Essay1182 Words   |  5 PagesFace when Choosing a Career Today, choosing a career can be problematic especially within the new graduates, and the choice of career path is not always in our hands. Even when the choice is fully our own, choosing the profession that promises the highest compensation is not the best way to go, for the simple reason that the job that pays the highest need not essentially be the most nourishing. Choosing a career can be simply defined as the leading decision that one takes at a very young age. It’s neverRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of A Career960 Words   |  4 PagesCareer Will I make the right choice? This is a common question that comes across every college students mind when choosing what career path, they want to head down. It is a decision that holds the potential to influence every aspect of their life: their happiness, when they have kids, whether they travel, everything can be impacted. One has to weigh out the pros and cons of the careers they are choosing between, because there are always many challenges, but there are often rewards too. I can’tRead MoreInfluence of parents in career choice1488 Words   |  6 Pagesinterest in the interrelationships between career choice, peer group and parental influence. More importantly the focus has been on the factors that tend to move an individual towards a career. PARENTS Parents play a major role in the decisions of their children. As children grow into adolescents, they begin to make decisions that will impact their future. One of the most significant areas in which parents impact the decision-making process is in career choice and preparation. There are several factorsRead MoreThe Dilemma Of Masculinity Versus Career Paths1702 Words   |  7 PagesSince the 20th century, there has been the dilemma of masculinity versus career paths. Women were expected to be teachers, nurses, etc., just because that s the role they had in society for decades before that. Men, and still are, expected to go into a career field that pays a lot of money so they can provide for their families. 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With an emphasis on being able to do it all, they are left unable to choose due to fear of abandoningRead MoreBenefits Of Being Young For The Corporate Industry Essay1626 Words   |  7 Pagesother, it is interesting to study how young professionals find their place in the diverse workforce. It is not always easy for young adults to find a relevant job because they lack experience and their skills are not as developed as in their older counterparts. However, young people are in need of careers, mentoring, and finding their way in life. Therefore, it is important to examine advantages a nd disadvantages of being young in the corporate industry. Young adults can occupy good positions in businessRead MoreProblems Encountered by Students in Taking Up College Courses1731 Words   |  7 Pagesstill not that decided of what course he should take and he is not that prepared to go to college. A lot of problems and difficulties are encountered by students during this stage of their lives that can distract them in choosing the appropriate career that will suit them. Factors that later on, become problems that can confuse the students, like their parents’ influence and choice of college course for them give a great obligation on their part that someday they should be the one toRead More Never To Late Essay1639 Words   |  7 Pagesway back to school The number of older, more â€Å"nontraditional† college students are growing. These students say that maturity and life experience give them a clear advantage in the college classroom, and many advisors agree. No matter how old or young one is; it is never too late to start working toward an educational goal in becoming a college graduate! Remember the dream within us sits waiting to spread forth and become a reality. It is only the lack of belief in ourselves that stops us from achieving

Othello William Shakespeare s Othello Essay - 935 Words

Alexius Sparkman Dr. Ernest Williamson III English 101 30 November 2016 Iago In William Shakespeare’s Othello, Iago’s character is possibly the most heinous villain. Oxford’s Dictionary defines villain as an, â€Å"a wicked person; chief wicked character in a play or a story† (Oxford 740). Iago plays the ancient of Othello, who is the general of the Venetian forces. As an ancient, Iago is to be a loyal servant to Othello. However, Iago has grown bitter and contemptuous and uses his supposed loyalty as a wedge to cause Othello’s demise. He’s fascinating for his most terrible characteristic; his utter lack of convincing motivation for his actions. He is also a person who is capable of a cool hypocrisy, unreasonable hatred, and many evil acts, which he is able to plot them very easily. According to Stopford A. Brooke, â€Å"it is a monstrous mind that had arrived by chance in the body of a non-commissioned officer† (Brooke 444). Iago has a sophisticated way of deceiving the characters of the play, making him a ve ry intelligent person. Early in the play, Othello introduces him to the duke of Venice as, â€Å"my ancient/ a man he is of honesty and trust† (I.III.284-85). Throughout the play Iago is considered to be honest, but is actuality the villain. In order to maintain the false image one has to have a beguiling character. Othello’s overlooking of Iago for the position of lieutenant initially begins Iago’s devilish plans. Without conscience, Iago vows to take back what he feels isShow MoreRelatedOthello : William Shakespeare s Othello2542 Words   |  11 Pages3 March 2015 Othello Introduction Shakespeare is the second most quoted writer in the English language – after the various writers of the Bible. Many of Shakespeare’s ideas for the play Othello came from a collection of tales written by Giraldi Cinthio. In Othello the character of Iago acts as the prominent main character throughout the play, even though he plays the role of the antagonist to the other central characters in the comedy Iago is the tragic hero. Shakespeare’s Othello was not justRead MoreOthello By William Shakespeare s Othello Essay1230 Words   |  5 Pages Previously, in Act 3.4, Othello begins to suspect Desdemona’s loyalty, as he continuously asks Desdemona for the handkerchief, yet she keeps on changing the topic. In Act 4.1, Iago continues to convince Othello of Desdemona’s faithfulness. In Act 3.4, Othello defended Desdemona when Iago accused her; but in Act 4.1, their position is switched. Othello becomes more aware of what Iago is saying and the anger t hat he has towards Iago has significantly reduced, while he begins to doubt Desdemona.Read MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Othello And Othello1720 Words   |  7 PagesDejenara Williams Ms.Milliner EES21QH-04 January ,18,2017 In this world there are two different types of people. There are those with a fixed mindset and others with a growth mindset . Each of these mindset involve different personality and characteristics. This may create a different outlook on life, meaning different morals and actions. Which happens to come into play while reading shakespeare s Othello. Most of the characters , maybe even all fit into either categories. CharactersRead MoreOthello By William Shakespeare s Othello Essay977 Words   |  4 Pages In William Shakespeare s Othello, Iago s character is perhaps the most appalling scalawag. Oxford s Dictionary characterizes miscreant as an, an evil individual; boss insidious character in a play or a story (Oxford 740). Iago plays the antiquated of Othello, who is the general of the Venetian powers. As an old, Iago is to be an unwavering worker to Othello. In any case, Iago has developed intense and scornful and utilizes his gathered steadfastness as a wedge to bring about Othello s endRead MoreAnalysis Of Othello s Othello By William Shakespeare Essay2117 Words   |  9 Pages Racist Ideology As Seen In Othello As a writer, William Shakespeare possessed an uncanny ability to address topics that were, for the most part, unnoticed in society. Every one of his characters feels realistic because they are so complex and based on psychological motivations. When Shakespeare’s Othello was first written, there was undoubtedly a complicated relationship between white English citizens and so called â€Å"foreigners†. However, society’s inability to understand or accept different culturesRead MoreOthello s Othello By William Shakespeare897 Words   |  4 PagesIago’s main reason to denigrate Desdemona’s character is his love for Othello. Consequently, he will do anything to gain Othello’s admiration. When Iago is putting his plan into action and planting in Othello’s mind that Desdemona is not faithful to him, Iago says: Othello kneels .............................................................................................. IAGO: Do not rise yet. Iago kneels Witness, you ever-burning lights above, You elements that clip us round above, Witness thatRead MoreOthello s Othello By William Shakespeare848 Words   |  4 Pages Desdemona’s Passivity [In the Shakespeare’s play â€Å"Othello†] Desdemona is a passive character in the Shakespeare play â€Å"Othello†. We can identify this as a fault in Desdemona, in various acts and scenes throughout the play. A critic had stated that â€Å"Desdemona is passive, acted upon rather than acting.† This is a valid statement which is noticeable in Desdemona’s character. When Desdemona argues Cassio’s position that Othello stripped from him. We see from this that she could have actedRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Othello 1386 Words   |  6 Pagesblood-crimson of lust and the jade-green of jealously are but two of the vast palate required to paint this inescapable human passion. William Shakespeare’s store of colors is unrivaled. No human failing, foible or foolishness escapes his gentle, comedic reproof. He equally enjoins his audience to venture as bravely as he does into the palpable horror of love gone amiss. In â€Å"OTHELLO,†Ã¢â‚¬Å"MACBETH,† and many more dramas, l ove’s fatal potential to provoke vengeance or the quest for earthly power is powerfully feltRead MoreOthello By William Shakespeare s Othello1209 Words   |  5 PagesOthello Down Shakespeare s Othello comprises of the subjects betrayal, affection and dishonesty. At the focal point of this play is the lamentable ruin of Othello because of his so-called friend Iago. In this paper I will be examining the explanations behind and against Othello being in charge of his defeat through taking a gander at critical interpretations of his character and activities. Othello was profoundly in charge to his own destruction as Iago demonstrating to him to be gullible andRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Othello And Othello1385 Words   |  6 PagesFor the time Othello was set in, 16th century Elizabethan society held strong socioeconomic roles that governed social statuses. In Shakespeare’s Othello, class positions become a theme that emphasizes power as a major role in relationships. In the case of Othello, a general of the Venetian army, and Iago, one of his trusted advisors, that power struggle is the force that dominants the play and leads to the disastrous and memorable ending. Machiavelli’s treatise, The Prince, examines the dynamic

HUAC and the Red Scare - 1098 Words

As World War II came to a close in 1945, the Communist Party in America was beginning to simmer away. The government was worried that a Communist takeover in America would soon begin. They believed that these far-left ideas would destroy traditional American values. The House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) was founded in 1938. Its original purpose was to find Nazi and Fascist sympathizers in Hollywood. After the war was over, the committee began targeting Communists. The government believed that the Communist uprising would begin in Hollywood because of the influential power of motion pictures on the American people. Directors, writers, producers, and actors could easily insert subliminal messages into their films to sway†¦show more content†¦I am forced to appear here as a representative of one hundred and thirty million Americans because the illegal conduct of this Committee has linked me with every citizen. If I can be destroyed no American is safe.† He believed that Americans had the freedom of speech and that his rights should not be infringed. Lawson was also angry about the committee’s infringement of his freedom to association. Lawson stated what he thought the government was trying to do: â€Å"They’re afraid of the American people. They don’t want to muzzle me. They want to muzzle public opinion. They want to muzzle the great Voice of democracy, because they’re conspiring against the American way of life.† What Lawson didn’t realize is that he himself was technically â€Å"conspiring against the American way of life.† Communism was very much against many of America’s ideas and freedoms. It attacked almost everything that made America one of the greatest countries in the world. Lawson had the right to join the Communist party because it was not a direct threat to the country itself, but it was still very un-American. Ronald Reagan’s testimony and John Howard Laws on’s testimony can be seen as starkly different but also, startling similar as well. Reagan stated that the messages seen in films with Communist influences had been stopped by many of the producers in Hollywood. He believed that these messages should not be shown to the public, while Lawson thought otherwise. What is similar betweenShow MoreRelated1950s Red Scare And Its Effects On The United States With Communism And Nuclear Espionage1239 Words   |  5 PagesCole Amadio US II Mr. Metz 12/2/15 1950s Red Scare In the 1950s there was a red scare that threatened the United States with communism and Nuclear espionage. The scare was questioned if it was conspiracy or not, but it was justified because of the spies and Soviet Union threatening the United states security. Through decryptions, trials and investigations these threats were justified because of the Venona project, the project was a secret organization that gathered and decrypted messages from sovietRead MoreThe Cormcible And The 1692 Salem Witch Trials And The Crucible711 Words   |  3 Pagesthis is. One such example is the crucible about the 1692 Salem witch trials relates to the 1950’s red scare. These two brutal times in history really may not look obviously related to each other but deeper into the story it becomes more apparent that they are fundamentally the same. The similarity’s become more apparent when you look at The Crucible than we will change perspective and look at the red scare a little more in depth and polish it all off by seeing why Arthur Miller wrote the crucible andRead MoreWith Direct Reference to at Least One Film, How Did Hollywood Address the Paranoid, Hysterical Political Climate of the 50s?1698 Words   |  7 Pagesbelieved in communism. This lack of mutual understanding caused mass paranoia within America as they feared that communists would infiltrate their society. This hysteria was known as the Red Scare which lead to â€Å"a range of actions that had a profound and enduring effect on U.S. government and society.† (Red Scare, 2013). During World War II â€Å"moviegoers learned to appreciate cinema for what it was: a powerful delivery system of ideology† (Doherty, 2003, p. 19) and after World War II â€Å"Soviet CommunismRead MoreThe Murder And Robbery Of A Shoe Factory1112 Words   |  5 PagesIn 1920, during the height of the Red Scare, a shoemaker, Nicola Sacco (1891-1927), and a fish peddler, Bartolomeo Vanzetti (1888-1927), were accused of robbing and murdering the paymaster and guard of a shoe company in South Braintree, Massachusetts. Known as anarchists and draft evaders, the accused men faced a hostile judge and a public convinced of their guilt. Despite Sacco s corroborated testimony that he was at the Italian consulate in Boston at the time of the murder, the two were foundRead MoreFears Of Communism : The Cold War792 Words   |  4 Pagesemployees to be analyzed on whether they are loyal to the government or not. This order was directly associated with the Red Scare happening in the U.S. bec ause the president was afraid that communists would eventually take over the government and replace democracy with a dictatorship. Another political effect of the Red Scare was the House Un-Americans Committee (HUAC.) HUAC forced people in the movie industry to renounce left-wing political beliefs and testify against one another which caused moreRead MoreMcCarthyism: The Manipulation of Fear in America During the Red Scare600 Words   |  3 PagesMcCarthyism: The Manipulation of Fear in America During the Red Scare Is war the greatest weapon that political leaders can use? 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The Red Scare however, began due to real accounts of treason and communism within UnitedRead MoreThe Hands Of An Angry God1627 Words   |  7 Pagesone would be rapidly and eternally damned to Hell; Miller, on the other hand, exploits allegory, characterization, and imagery throughout the play The Crucible in order to fervently articulate his disdainful attitude regarding McCarthyism and the Red Scare. Jonathan Edward’s use of imagery, metaphors, and symbolism in his sermon â€Å"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God† in order to instill fear in his congregation and reveal the message that, aside from faith and the pleasure of God, one would be rapidlyRead MoreEssay about McCarthyism as Modern Witch Hunts1614 Words   |  7 Pagescommunity was torn apart by this witch scare from the children to the elderly to the most devote citizens. As a result of both, lives were shattered, names blemished, and families were blown apart (Corrigan 118). Arthur Miller vividly describes the community of Salem as it turns on itself out of paranoia and false testimonies. The Crucible compellingly similar to McCarthyism in 1950s America in which neighbor turns upon neighbor accusing each of being a Red. Senator Joseph McCarthy is oneRead More The Parallels Between Arthur Millers Life and His Play, The Crucible1486 Words   |  6 PagesFew people are willing to stand up to the overwhelming power of authority, especially during a time like the Red scare. Hardly any authors are able to recognize meaningful similarities between the present times and an event that happened many years ago—and write about it effectively. Only one has had the courage and intelligence to do both. Arthur Miller was an American author who wrote plays, essays, and stories and has published works dating from to 1936 through 2004. The Crucible, one of his most

Soya Food Nutrition Products Containing

Question: Describe about the Soya Food Nutrition for Products Containing. Answer: Introduction Products containing soy protein are found in each passageway of the grocery store. Customary soyfoods such as soymilk, soynuts and edamame (green soybeans) are always displayed in groceries. Likewise, nutrition organizations grow new sustenance products containing soy protein from veggie burgers to invigorated pastas and oats. Numerous nutrition producers perceive soy protein as an adaptable sustenance mixed with practical and wholesome properties that significantly improve the estimation of completed nutrients in each buyers category. Soya food is a special type of vegetable which is broadly used because of its adverse uses in maintaining human health. Soya plan contains a complete set of supplements, particularly, the proteins. The phytochemicals in soybean keeps blood coagulation from occurring. It helps in securing the heart against oxidation. Soybean serves as a remarkable wellspring of crucial unsaturated fats, calcium, magnesium, lecithin, fiber, folate, iron and so forth. Pro teins in soybean can be best nutrient substitutes for products required by human beings on the grounds that not all of them are like beans. Soy proteins can supplement the humanity with diet full of proteins (Miniello et al, 2003, p. 99). The reason for conducting this present study on soya foods is to explore the relative effect of the apparent nature and expected constitution of soy products on purchasers reactions to soy products amongst the buyers with various levels of matter neophobia and wellbeing interest of their health. Description of where and when soy first appeared Before development of soya foods, wild soybeans became bounteously in upper East China and Manchuria. This is dated back in 2700 B.C. They were described as one of the five main and holy yields. This is because they had both restorative and material beliefs. They have been developed for a period not less than 4,500 years. In any case, they were not exceptionally prevalent. During times of awful gatherers in China, soybeans were one of the nine survival foodstuffs in which the starving millions of people in the nation depended (Shurtleff, 2015, p. 705). In the starvation period of A.D. 194 when the cost of millet rose in connection to the cost of soybeans, numerous individuals were compelled to eat soybeans which they regularly arranged in a gruel called congee. Proof of this product is uncommon to the 21st century and across the board. Its utilization before was much impossible. As indicated by famous custom in China, soy milk was created by Liu for restorative purposes. In spite of that, there is no authentic confirmation for his legend. Discussion of interpersonal influences Currently, research shows that soya products are rich in protein and other essential supplements which makes it an important food product to a general sound-eating routine. The inquisitive thing is that, this promotes originates from both huge agribusiness and the healthwize nourishment industry such as weird partners. In any case, there are a few studies on the advantages of soy to bolster their excitement. Soy is high in phytoestrogens - especially isoflavones - which implies that it is prone to having a positive hormonal effect on both men and women (Genovese, 2007, p. 40). What is more, some studies have proven that expending soya products aid in reduction of menopausal side effects in women and prostate issues in men. Proof for soya bringing about bosom growth or reduction of the danger of bosom disease is rare and uncertain. Alternately, a research from the USA has established converse relationship between the admission of non-matured soya products and prostate disease. Differe nt studies propose that continuous utilizationthat is once every day of soymilk is connected with a lessening of the prostate growth hazard. Discussion of interpersonal influences It must be noted that the consumption of soya foods has numerous effects on interpersonal choices and health. To start with, the phytoestrogen amount in the human body which is brought about by intake of soya products shows that it has alot of chalenges to the health of consumers. They have a negative impact on the sperm count of men. According to meta analysis of the year 2010, a number of placebo controlled studies showed that soy foods suplements causes change in the measures of sex hormones in men such as the progesteron. Shurtleff Aoyagi (2015, p. 705) outlines that soya foods may lead to an increase in the development ofprostate cancer. Soy intake has triggered a hot debate from the fanatics due to its linkage to reduction in the sperms. According to a meta analysis conducted in the year 2009, it was deduced that soya increases the propability of prostrate cancer in men worldwide (The Adventist Health Study, 2015, p. 7). According to Cancer Council ofNew South Wales Australia, moderate consumption of soy products do not show any impact or chalenges as far as women health is concerned. Evidence laid forward by Sirtori maintain that excessive consumption of large amounts of soya products may have a protective effect against developing breast and prostate cancer (2001, p. 656). Conversely, the Council strickly forbids the usage of soy in their diet. They are either effective or safe at preventing or treating cancers (Coxam, 2008, p. 185). Later, it was recommended by TheUnited States of America National Institutes of Health that those peole suffering from gout should do away with the usage of soy. Despite of that, it was suggested that soy may have health benefits by reducing the risk for heart disease (Riaz, 2006, p. 20). It is estimated that there is no relationship between gouts and purine rich vegetables with intake of beans. Discussion of community influences The continuous exploration on the subject of soya foods and human wellbeing created substantial measure of data (Jacobsen et al, 1998, p. 555). This gave much profound comprehension into soyas medical advantages from sub-atomic level. Numerous subjects have been broadly examined. In view of the considerable number of discoveries, soya products play an essential and positive part in enhancing our body fitness. It has been consolidated into our eating regimen in spite of the fact that there are still much to be seen, particularly the postive patterns of soya foods (Yan, Spitznagel Edward, 2009, p. 1160). Utilizing soya to make milk as opposed to raising dairy animals might be biologically invaluable. In light of this, the measure of soy that could be utilized in the same measure would encourage a bigger number of individuals than if it is used to raise bovines. This sums up to delivering 40 kilograms of milk in a day. Since the soya plant is a vegetable, it likewise increases the nitrogen substance of the soil in which it is planted in. These specifically cleared timberlands planted with soy proposed for human horticultural endeavors particularly hamburger and pork generation not for human utilization (Cordle, 2004, p. 1216). In particular, it has been observed that eating regimens high in soy products are connected with lower blood pressure. Furthermore, it lessens triglyceride and cholesterol levels. It also leads to diminished occurrence of diabetes. Besides, soy was not utilized as a sustenance as a part of Asia until aged soy products showed up (Patel, 2008, p. 170). The reason is that soy contains some capable supplement blockers - bio-chemicals that prevent your body from retaining supplements found in them in whatever other sustenances that you eat with the soy (Anderson, Johnson Cook-Newell, 1995, p. 280) Another component to consider when taking a gander at soy protein is that there are quite a number of products such as soy protein or whatever other sort of protein as far as it is concerned (Hirose et al, 2005, p. 16). Every wellspring of protein is an aggregation of a few protein parts that are known to have effects. Somewhat unfavorably susceptible individuals may have tingling and a couple hives, while the individuals who are seriously hypersensitive may encounter extreme, life-undermining manifestations. An example is breathing issues or swelling of the throat. The vast majority fall underneath those two levels of reaction into nearly unnoticeable level. At this stage, side effects, which may incorporate gas, bloating, and low level bothering of intestinal tissue, are regularly not in any case recognized at a cognizant level and are never associated with the soy that causes them. The issue with low level hypersensitive reactions does not originate from taking soy once in a while , but rather in the event that it is utilized as a standard segment of the eating regimen. At that point, low levels with common conditions can get to be incessant ailment that mystically appears all of a sudden and for no specific reason (Sirtori, 2001, p. 656). Conclusion The issue is that the advantages of soy are not at all something to smile about. This is because, eating little measures of natural or matured rendition gives some considerable medical advantages. Nevertheless, in the event that devoured as an essential protein source in unfermented in structures for example, soy milk and tofu , its wellbeing and security qualities are considerably more alarming. The risks of soy are not overpowering, but rather they can't be overlooked. The research conducted in the paper holds that the healthcare sector has a role to play with regard to adivising consumers (through whichever means possible) on the dangers and side effects of taking products rich in soya foods. What every person needs to know about soya foods is the quantity they should consume while eating or drinking soya. This would be helpful since already, the CDC in America has established that people are sufffering from various kinds of medical conditions after being found with high levels of toxic chemicals that result from soya foods. Reference List Anderson, J. W., Johnson, B. M. Cook-Newell, M. E.(1995) Meta-analysis of the Effects of Soy Protein Intake on Serum Lipids. New England Journal of Medicine, 333, 276-283. Cordle, C. T. (May 2004). "Soy Protein Allergy: Incidence and Relative Severity".Journal of Nutrition. The American Society for Nutritional Sciences.134(5): 12131219. Coxam, V. (2008) Phytoestrogens and Bone Health, Proceedings of the Nutrition Society,67, Pages 184-188. Genovese, M. I(2007) Commercial Soy Protein Ingredients as Isoflavone Sources for Functional Foods, Plant Foods for Human Nutrition,62(2), 34-49. Hirose, K et al (2005), Soybean products and reduction of breast cancer risk: a Case Control study in Japan, British Journal of Cancer,93, 15-18. Jacobsen, B.K et al(1998) Does High Soy Milk Intake Reduce Prostate Cancer Incidence? The Adventist Health Study (US). (2015). Cancer Causes and Control,9, (6), pp. 553-558. Miniello, VL; Moro, GE; Tarantino, M; Natile, M; Granieri, L; Armenio, L (2003). "Soy-based Formulas and Phyto-oestrogens: A Safety Profile".Acta Paediatrica. Wiley Blackwell.91(441): 93100. Sirtori, C. R. (2001). "Risks and Benefits of Soy Phytoestrogens in Cardiovascular Diseases, Cancer, Climacteric Symptoms and Osteoporosis".Drug Safety. International Society of Pharmacovigilance.24(9): 665682. Shurtleff, W.; Aoyagi, A. 2015. "History of Soybeans and Soyfoods in Austria and Switzerland (1781-2015)." Lafayette, California: Soyinfo Center. p.705 Riaz, Mian N. (2006).Soy Applications in Food. Boca Raton, FL:CRC Press. Patel, Raj (2008).Stuffed Starved From Farm to Fork, the Hidden Battle for the World Food System. London: Portobello Books Ltd. pp.169173. Yan, Lin; Spitznagel, Edward L (2009)."Soy consumption and prostate cancer risk in men: a revisit of a meta-analysis".The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.89(4): 115563.